Historical relationships of Trichoptera families with fossil evidence. Thin lines indicate relationships only; their lengths are not supported by fossil evidence and are arbitrary and uninformative; thick lines indicate the extent of fossil evidence (Nicholson et al. 2015; The Paleobiology Database 2023). Solid lines show relationships according to Thomas et al. (2020); broken horizontal lines show relationships based on morphological evidence only. Dots indicate re-estimates of minimum age (lower boundary). Maximum age [upper (soft maximum)] is 174.1 Ma for all Phryganides lineages, 201.3 Ma for all others. Numbers of living species, living subspecies and fossil species are from Morse (2023). Habitat(s), habit(s) and trophic relationship(s) are from Holzenthal et al. (2007) and Cummins et al. (2019). Current evidence for Integripalpia families shown within quotation marks (“Apataniidae,” “Goeridae,” “Helicophidae” and “Sericostomatidae”) indicates that they are paraphyletic.