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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">116</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="index">urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:619a5b3a-5ec8-5ff7-b0b1-5070a7c17694</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="aggregator">urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:70C65CC0-001D-487B-A05D-B86A205B9582</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Contributions to Entomology</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">CTE</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0005-805X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">2511-6428</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e169092</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">169092</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="biological_taxon">
          <subject>Apidae</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="scientific_subject">
          <subject>Faunistics &amp; Distribution</subject>
          <subject>Nomenclature</subject>
          <subject>Taxonomy</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A taxonomic update to <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name> Cockerell, with a new species from Ethiopia (<tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="order">Hymenoptera</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>, <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Apidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group content-type="authors">
        <contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes">
          <name name-style="western">
            <surname>Wood</surname>
            <given-names>Thomas J.</given-names>
          </name>
          <email xlink:type="simple">thomas.wood@naturalis.nl</email>
          <uri content-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5653-224X</uri>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="A1">1</xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="A1">
        <label>1</label>
        <addr-line content-type="verbatim">Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, Netherlands</addr-line>
        <institution>Naturalis Biodiversity Center</institution>
        <addr-line content-type="city">Leiden</addr-line>
        <country>Netherlands</country>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <fn fn-type="corresp">
          <p>Corresponding author: Thomas J. Wood (<email xlink:type="simple">thomas.wood@naturalis.nl</email>)</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="edited-by">
          <p>Academic editor: Stephan M. Blank</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date pub-type="collection">
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub">
        <day>26</day>
        <month>11</month>
        <year>2025</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>75</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>339</fpage>
      <lpage>353</lpage>
      <uri content-type="arpha" xlink:href="http://openbiodiv.net/4CBFF062-7765-55CB-BFB0-09295D2DA2E8">4CBFF062-7765-55CB-BFB0-09295D2DA2E8</uri>
      <uri content-type="zoobank" xlink:href="https://zoobank.org/3CDA594E-8D18-4953-9AD8-C2CDFFDDCD3B">3CDA594E-8D18-4953-9AD8-C2CDFFDDCD3B</uri>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>05</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2025</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Thomas J. Wood</copyright-statement>
        <license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple">
          <license-p>This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri content-type="zoobank" xlink:type="simple">https://zoobank.org/3CDA594E-8D18-4953-9AD8-C2CDFFDDCD3B</self-uri>
      <abstract>
        <label>Abstract</label>
        <p><italic><tp:taxon-name>
              <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part>
            </tp:taxon-name></italic> Smith, 1879, is a small bee genus comprising 21 species restricted to sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar. Despite the small size of the genus, several uncertainties persist within the subgenus <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name> Cockerell, 1905, which contains five species and is restricted to sub-Saharan Africa. Based on a revision of museum material and inspection of contemporary collections, a number of changes are implemented. <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Cockerell, 1910), described in the male sex, was incorrectly considered to be a distinct species; it is actually the male of <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>) <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Smith, 1879, <bold>syn. nov.</bold>, and is returned to synonymy with it. <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>) <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> (Friese, 1911), <bold>stat. rev.</bold> is returned to species status, having been incorrectly considered conspecific with <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>. <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>) <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="haladai">haladai</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name><bold>sp. nov.</bold> is described from Ethiopia. A lectotype is designated for <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">Habropoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="capensis">capensis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Cameron, 1905 (= <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Dours, 1869)) from material that was previously considered lost; the species is newly reported from East Africa (Kenya), and the status of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">Afromelecta</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="lieftincki">lieftincki</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Eardley, 1991 is discussed. The type locality of <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>) <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="abessinicus">abessinicus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> (Friese, 1912) is clarified, moving from Uganda to Kenya, which is shown to host five of the now six members of this subgenus. These revisions further illustrate the need for greater survey effort and taxonomic revision of bees in dry parts of Eastern Africa.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group>
        <label>Key Words</label>
        <kwd>
          <tp:taxon-name>
            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Anthophorinae</tp:taxon-name-part>
          </tp:taxon-name>
        </kwd>
        <kwd>Eastern Africa</kwd>
        <kwd>lectotype</kwd>
        <kwd>sex association</kwd>
        <kwd>solitary bees</kwd>
        <kwd>synonymy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="Introduction" id="SECID0ESAAC">
      <title>Introduction</title>
      <p>The genus <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Smith, 1879 is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa and Madagascar and contains 21 species, with 15 from Madagascar and six from continental Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley 1993</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pauly et al. 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Michener 2007</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ascher and Pickering 2025</xref>). The phylogenetic position of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> has recently received attention, as it appears to be basal within the subfamily <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subfamily">Anthophorinae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bossert et al. 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Orr et al. 2022</xref>), suggesting an African origin for this whole clade of bees.</p>
      <p>The genus is divided into two subgenera, <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> s. str. (16 species) and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Cockerell, 1905 (five species), with <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> s. str. found almost entirely on the island of Madagascar and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> restricted to continental Africa. <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> was described as a genus to accommodate the species <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Smith, 1879, which was described from “Nyassa”, today probably referable to Malawi, and Cockerell defined it purely in opposition to the Madagascan <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="micrelephas">micrelephas</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Smith, 1879, the type species of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>. Since then, a broad consensus has emerged that <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="authority">is best treated as a</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="infraspecific-rank">subgenus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="of">of</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Brooks 1988</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley 1993</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pauly et al. 2001</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Michener 2007</xref>, though see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">Baker 1993</xref>). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref> recognised six African species in <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name>, and <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">Pauly et al. (2001)</xref> recognised 15 Madagascan species in <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> s. str. However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Michener (2007</xref>: 751) considered <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="peringueyi">peringueyi</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Friese, 1911) (South Africa and Namibia) to belong to <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> s. str. Following Michener, the two subgenera therefore do not have allopatric distributions, with <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> s. str. not entirely confined to Madagascar. Phylogenetic data from <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name> are also lacking, with all species sequenced to date belonging to <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> s. str. sensu Michener (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">Bossert et al. 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">Orr et al. 2022</xref>). Additional phylogenetic work is needed, but pending such revisions, the subgeneric concepts of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Michener (2007)</xref> are followed here.</p>
      <p>Although the revision of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref> was comprehensive, including inspection of all relevant type material, examination of additional museum specimens and recent collections has uncovered novelties within <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name>. The opportunity is taken to present new data and expand known distributional ranges, clarify a few outstanding issues including sex associations, illustrate type material photographically, and describe a new distinctive <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name> species from Ethiopia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods" id="SECID0E5IAC">
      <title>Methods</title>
      <p>It was possible to study 133 specimens of <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name> in collections, including relevant type material. Morphological terminology and generic and subgeneric concepts follow <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Michener (2007)</xref>, with the exception of the marginal “zones” of the terga, which are referred to as marginal “areas”. Following taxonomic changes, the identification key of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref> is updated to cover all <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name> species in sub-Saharan Africa. Photographs were taken using an Olympus E-M1 Mark II with a 60 mm macro lens. Additional close-ups were taken with a Mitutoyo M Plan Apo 10× infinity-corrected objective lens in combination with an Olympus M.Zuiko 2× teleconverter lens, a 10 mm Kenko DG extension tube, and a Meike MK-P-AF3B 10 mm extension tube. Photographs were stacked using Helicon Focus B (HeliconSoft, Ukraine), and plates were prepared in GNU Image Manipulation Program (GIMP) 2.10. Post-processing of some images was done in Photoshop Elements (Adobe Systems, USA) to improve lighting and highlight specific characters.</p>
      <p>To ensure unambiguous attribution, personal names mentioned in the text are, at first mention, accompanied by their corresponding GND (Integrated Authority File) identifier, when possible, available at <ext-link xlink:href="https://www.dnb.de/EN/Professionell/Standardisierung/GND/gnd_node.htm" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:type="simple">https://www.dnb.de/EN/Professionell/Standardisierung/GND/gnd_node.htm</ext-link>.</p>
      <sec sec-type="Abbreviations" id="SECID0EJKAC">
        <title>Abbreviations</title>
        <p><bold><named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content></bold> Museum nationale d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France</p>
        <p><bold><named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content></bold> Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom</p>
        <p><bold><abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0EFLAC">OÖLM</abbrev></bold> Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz, Austria</p>
        <p><bold><abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford" id="ABBRID0EPLAC">OUMNH</abbrev></bold> Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford, United Kingdom</p>
        <p><bold><named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/national-museum-natural-history-naturalis">RMNH</named-content></bold> Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands</p>
        <p><bold><abbrev xlink:title="Personal collection of Thomas J. Wood, Leiden" id="ABBRID0EDMAC">TJWC</abbrev></bold> Personal collection of Thomas J. Wood, Leiden, the Netherlands</p>
        <p><bold><named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-f%C3%BCr-naturkunde-berlin-zoological-collections">ZMB</named-content></bold> Museum für Naturkunde, Berlin, Germany</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="Results" id="SECID0ESMAC">
      <title>Results</title>
      <tp:taxon-treatment>
        <tp:treatment-meta>
          <kwd-group>
            <label>Taxon classification</label>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="kingdom" xlink:type="simple">Animalia</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="order" xlink:type="simple">Hymenoptera</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="family" xlink:type="simple">Apidae</named-content>
            </kwd>
          </kwd-group>
        </tp:treatment-meta>
        <tp:nomenclature>
          <tp:taxon-name><object-id content-type="arpha">9A5D03FE-130E-59AC-AB6A-8789DF7355BD</object-id>
            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>) <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="abessinicus">abessinicus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
          <tp:taxon-authority>(Friese, 1912)</tp:taxon-authority>
          <tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Anthophora">Anthophora</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aethiopica">aethiopica</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
              <comment>Friese, 1911: 659, ♂ non ♀ nec. Cameron [Kenya, <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-f%C3%BCr-naturkunde-berlin-zoological-collections">ZMB</named-content>, not examined]</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Anthophora">Anthophora</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="abessinica">abessinica</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
              <comment>Friese, 1912: 89 nom. nov. pro <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Anthophora">Anthophora</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="aethiopica">aethiopica</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name> Friese</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
          </tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
        </tp:nomenclature>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="notes" id="SECID0EGPAC">
          <title>Notes.</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref> summarised the nomenclatural situation surrounding Friese’s names and designated a male lectotype, as the females described by Friese actually belong to an <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Amegilla">Amegilla</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> species. This lectotype designation fixed the type locality as “Br. O. Afrika, Mulango, 1908, Sauberlich [sic]”. Eardley stated this to refer to Mengo in Uganda. However, consideration of the collector of this specimen must be made to inform this choice.</p>
          <p>Günther Albin Säuberlich (1864–1946, <ext-link xlink:href="https://explore.gnd.network/gnd/1068413840" ext-link-type="uri" xlink:type="simple">https://explore.gnd.network/gnd/1068413840</ext-link>) was an evangelical Lutheran missionary who worked in East Africa on and off between 1888 and 1912 (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">Bauer and Hörnlein 2005</xref>). Between 1906 and 1912 he was based at Mulango in southern Kenya, which is located at <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates"><named-content content-type="geo-json" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[38.012000,-1.427200]}" id="NCID0EGAAE">–1.4272°S, 38.0120°E</named-content></named-content>, approximately 115 km east of Nairobi. The spelling of this place name matches that on the type label, and British East Africa almost invariably refers to modern Kenya, not Uganda, which was most commonly referred to as the Uganda Protectorate or simply Uganda. Kenya must therefore be considered the <italic>terra typica</italic>, not Uganda. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Friese (1911</xref>: 660) also mentioned males from Madibura [Madibira] and Murutunguru-Ukerewe [Ukerewe Island] in Deutsch Ost Afrika (= Tanzania), and these are considered valid country records at present.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="distribution" id="SECID0ERAAE">
          <title>Distribution.</title>
          <p>Kenya and Tanzania (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Friese 1911</xref>).</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
      </tp:taxon-treatment>
      <tp:taxon-treatment>
        <tp:treatment-meta>
          <kwd-group>
            <label>Taxon classification</label>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="kingdom" xlink:type="simple">Animalia</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="order" xlink:type="simple">Hymenoptera</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="family" xlink:type="simple">Apidae</named-content>
            </kwd>
          </kwd-group>
        </tp:treatment-meta>
        <tp:nomenclature>
          <tp:taxon-name><object-id content-type="arpha">967D8EBB-8B1F-5807-8B5D-ED976A995DD1</object-id>
            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>) <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
          <tp:taxon-authority>(Friese, 1911)</tp:taxon-authority>
          <tp:taxon-status>stat. rev.</tp:taxon-status>
          <tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Anthophora">Anthophora</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
              <comment>Friese, 1911: 660, ♀♂ [“Somaliland”, <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-f%C3%BCr-naturkunde-berlin-zoological-collections">ZMB</named-content>, not examined]</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
          </tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
        </tp:nomenclature>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="material" id="SECID0EVCAE">
          <title>Material examined.</title>
          <p><bold>Ethiopia</bold> • 2♂; Jowaha N. of Debra Sina; 6,000 ft a.s.l.; 7 Aug. 1946; K.M. Guichard leg.; D.B. Baker det. 1979; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>; <bold>Kenya</bold> • 1♂; Brit. E. Af., Mtito Andei; 2,500 ft a.s.l.; 26–28 Mar. 1911; S.A. Neave leg.; D.B. Baker det.; 1982; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>; • 2♀; E of Mwingi; 14 May 2007; M. Halada leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0EJDAE">OÖLM</abbrev>/<abbrev xlink:title="Personal collection of Thomas J. Wood, Leiden" id="ABBRID0EODAE">TJWC</abbrev> • 1♀; Taita Hills, Voi river; 14 Apr. 2007; T.J. Wood det.; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0ESDAE">OÖLM</abbrev>.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="notes" id="SECID0EXDAE">
          <title>Notes.</title>
          <p>The situation surrounding three taxa, <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Cockerell, 1910), and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, has been confused. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">Brooks (1988)</xref> considered all three to be conspecific, but <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref> treated <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (inclusive of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>) and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> as two distinct species. This case requires clarification, as <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> was described from a single female (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>), <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> from a single male (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>), and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> in both sexes.</p>
          <fig id="F1" position="float" orientation="portrait">
            <object-id content-type="doi">10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e169092.figure1</object-id>
            <object-id content-type="arpha">A5BC5C9D-A03E-5C4C-A50C-BE9FB7D0C1B0</object-id>
            <label>Figure 1.</label>
            <caption>
              <p><italic><tp:taxon-name>
              <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Smith, 1879 holotype female (<named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>). <bold>A.</bold> Label details; <bold>B.</bold> Body, dorsal view; <bold>C.</bold> Head and mesosoma, anterolateral view; <bold>D.</bold> Metasoma, dorsal view.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="contributions-to-entomology-75-339-g001.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_1478431.jpg">
              <uri content-type="original_file">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1478431</uri>
            </graphic>
          </fig>
          <fig id="F2" position="float" orientation="portrait">
            <object-id content-type="doi">10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e169092.figure2</object-id>
            <object-id content-type="arpha">138A40A3-98B1-530D-85B8-8A38E1FAD1AF</object-id>
            <label>Figure 2.</label>
            <caption>
              <p><italic><tp:taxon-name>
              <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">Habropoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Cockerell, 1910 (= <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Smith, 1879) holotype male (<named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>). <bold>A.</bold> Label details; <bold>B.</bold> Habitus, lateral view; <bold>C.</bold> Head, frontal view; <bold>D.</bold> Fore tarsus, dorsal view; <bold>E.</bold> Hind tarsus, dorsal view; <bold>F.</bold> Metasoma, dorsal view.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="contributions-to-entomology-75-339-g002.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_1478433.jpg">
              <uri content-type="original_file">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1478433</uri>
            </graphic>
          </fig>
          <p><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Friese (1911)</xref> provided a diagnosis for <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> against <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Dours, 1869), citing the larger size, different female colouration, and long hair fringe on the male fore basitarsus. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993</xref>: 220–221) argued that the female of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> was conspecific with <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, and since the sexes of the type series were “apparently” correctly associated, the male of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> must therefore be the male of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, as “no evidence was available for the association of the holotype of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> with that of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>”.</p>
          <p>Eardley’s synonymy of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> was unjustified, as (1) there are morphological differences in pubescence between the females of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, and (2) there was no effort to associate sexes across the observed ranges of the possible taxa to provide additional support for or against a particular association. While <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> females have dense and fine tergal pubescence (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1D</xref>), <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> females have thicker hairs on the terga, giving an almost scaly appearance (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3D</xref>). The scutal pubescence of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> is also finely intermixed greyish and dark brown hairs (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1C</xref>), whereas in <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> the pubescence is rich reddish-brown with only a few intermixed black hairs (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3C</xref>). There are also slight differences in body size, with female <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> measuring around 15–16 mm and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> around 16–18 mm (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Friese 1911</xref>: 661), and in the colouration of the yellow facial markings, which are lemon yellow in <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1C</xref>) and ivory yellow in <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3B</xref>).</p>
          <p>Concerning males, examination of specimens has found <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> females with <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> males flying together at the same site on the same day in four locations (Kenya = 3, Zambia = 1; full material examined listed below under <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>). In fact, the specimens from Zambia were critical to understanding the sex association, as males displaying the morphology of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> have only been examined from Ethiopia (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4</xref>) and Kenya, whereas “<italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>” males have been examined extending south through Tanzania to Zambia, covering the known range of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> based on female specimens. <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> must therefore represent the male of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> based on local co-occurrence and overall distributional overlap. The species concepts presented here are consistent with the morphological concepts used by Donald Baker (see listed specimen determinations). <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> is therefore formally synonymised with <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> below, and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> stat. rev. is restored to species status. The males are easily separable, as <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> has the hind basitarsus apically broadened and thus appearing triangular (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2E</xref>), and the mid trochanters are ventrally rounded, whereas <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> has the hind basitarsus parallel-sided (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4D</xref>), and the mid trochanters are ventrally produced into long, ventrally projecting teeth (see identification key).</p>
          <fig id="F3" position="float" orientation="portrait">
            <object-id content-type="doi">10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e169092.figure3</object-id>
            <object-id content-type="arpha">46CADE8D-4ED7-5FE0-838D-E47C6FCF0FBA</object-id>
            <label>Figure 3.</label>
            <caption>
              <p><italic><tp:taxon-name>
              <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Friese, 1911) female (<abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0EXJBI">OÖLM</abbrev>). <bold>A.</bold> Habitus, lateral view; <bold>B.</bold> Head, frontal view; <bold>C.</bold> Head and mesosoma, anterolateral view; <bold>D.</bold> Metasoma, dorsal view.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="contributions-to-entomology-75-339-g003.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_1478434.jpg">
              <uri content-type="original_file">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1478434</uri>
            </graphic>
          </fig>
          <fig id="F4" position="float" orientation="portrait">
            <object-id content-type="doi">10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e169092.figure4</object-id>
            <object-id content-type="arpha">D759795C-6B87-5F4D-9507-38F4180CB0BD</object-id>
            <label>Figure 4.</label>
            <caption>
              <p><italic><tp:taxon-name>
              <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Friese, 1911) male (<named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>). <bold>A.</bold> Label details; <bold>B.</bold> Habitus, lateral view; <bold>C.</bold> Fore tarsus, dorsal view; <bold>D.</bold> Hind tarsus, dorsal view.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="contributions-to-entomology-75-339-g004.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_1478435.jpg">
              <uri content-type="original_file">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1478435</uri>
            </graphic>
          </fig>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="distribution" id="SECID0EKUAE">
          <title>Distribution.</title>
          <p>Ethiopia*, Somalia, Kenya* (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Friese 1911</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley 1993</xref>, as <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> partim).</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
      </tp:taxon-treatment>
      <tp:taxon-treatment>
        <tp:treatment-meta>
          <kwd-group>
            <label>Taxon classification</label>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="kingdom" xlink:type="simple">Animalia</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="order" xlink:type="simple">Hymenoptera</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="family" xlink:type="simple">Apidae</named-content>
            </kwd>
          </kwd-group>
        </tp:treatment-meta>
        <tp:nomenclature>
          <tp:taxon-name><object-id content-type="arpha">FAC322ED-9338-57C3-A9DD-BCB835790AF0</object-id>
            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>) <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
          <tp:taxon-authority>Smith, 1879</tp:taxon-authority>
          <tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
              <comment>Smith, 1879: 117, ♀ [Malawi, <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>, examined] (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1</xref>).</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="insulanus">insulanus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
              <comment>Stadelmann, 1898: ♀ [Tanzania, <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-f%C3%BCr-naturkunde-berlin-zoological-collections">ZMB</named-content>, not examined].</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">Habropoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
              <comment>Cockerell, 1910: 215, ♂ [Kenya, <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>, examined] (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2</xref>) syn. nov.</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
          </tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
        </tp:nomenclature>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="material" id="SECID0EIYAE">
          <title>Material examined.</title>
          <p><bold>Ethiopia</bold> • 1♂; Abyssinia, Busika; 5 Nov. 1911; R.J. Stordy leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂; Abyssinia, Higo Samula; 30 Oct. 1911; R.J. Stordy leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>; <bold>Kenya</bold> • 1♂; B.E. Africa; C.S. Betton leg.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> (holotype of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">Habropoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>) • 1♂, 1♀; Brit. E. Af., 30 miles from Magadi Junc.; 1–30 Apr; 1912; F.G. Hamilton leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♀; Brit. E. Af., Kibwezi; 3,000 ft a.s.l.; 2–4 Apr. 1911; S.A. Neave leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂, 1♀; Brit. E. Af., Mtito Andei; 2, 500 ft a.s.l.; 26–28 Mar. 1911; S.A. Neave leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♀; Brit. E. Af., Voi; 8–10 Feb. 1912; S.A. Neave leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂; Brit. E. Africa, E. shore Vic. Nyanza, near Karungu; 28–29 Apr. 1911; S.A. Neave leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂; Brit. E. Africa, Kuja Valley, S. Kavirondo; 4,000 ft a.s.l.; 30 Apr. – 1 May 1911; S.A. Neave leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂, 1♀; Nzoi [probably Nzaui Hill], Ukambani Country; 1 Jan. – 28 Feb. 1889; F.J. Jackson leg.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 8♂, 2♀; Taita Hills, Voi river; 14 Apr. 2007; M. Halada leg.; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0EP1AE">OÖLM</abbrev>/<abbrev xlink:title="Personal collection of Thomas J. Wood, Leiden" id="ABBRID0EU1AE">TJWC</abbrev> • 1♀; Voi (Tsavo) env.; 22 Nov. – 2 Dec. 1996; Mi. Halada leg.; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0EY1AE">OÖLM</abbrev> • 1♀; Afrique Orient. Angl., Kibwezi (Wa-Kamba); 1904; Ch. Alluaud leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content>; <bold>Malawi</bold> • 1♀; [label illegible]; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> (holotype of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>); <bold>Tanzania</bold> • 1♂; German E. Africa, Stigi [?Sijiji Hill]; 19 Apr. 1917; Dr. G.D.H. Carpenter leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂; Mkomazi Game Res., Mbula Hill; 25 Dec. 1994; G.N. Stone leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford" id="ABBRID0E22AE">OUMNH</abbrev> • 1♀; Rukwa Valley, Tanganyi a.; 1–31 May 1953; FitzGerald leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♀; Tanganyika: Old Shinyanga; 23 Mar. 1952; E. Burtt leg.; G.E.J. Nixon det.; 1958; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂; W. Shore of K. Manyara; 1 Feb. – 31 May 1935; B. Cooper leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>; <bold>Zambia</bold> • 1♀; N. Rhodesia, Road to Nangereri; 6 Feb. 1911; Silverlock leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 4♂, 2♀; N.E. Rhodesia, Up. Luangwa Valley; 1800–2000 ft a.s.l.; 8–9 Mar. 1908; S.A. Neave leg.; D.B. Baker det. 1988; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford" id="ABBRID0EW3AE">OUMNH</abbrev> • 2♂; N.E. Rhodesia, Up. Luangwa Valley; 1800–2000 ft a.s.l.; 22–26 Mar. 1908; S.A. Neave leg.; D.B. Baker det. 1988; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford" id="ABBRID0E23AE">OUMNH</abbrev> • 1♀; Siovonga [Siavonga]; 11 Apr. 1981; G.G.M. Schulten leg.; C. Eardley det. 1993; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/national-museum-natural-history-naturalis">RMNH</named-content>.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="notes" id="SECID0EF4AE">
          <title>Notes.</title>
          <p>Although <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> was nominally reported from Ethiopia by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref>, the specific male specimens cited were actually <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>. The presence of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> in Ethiopia is supported by the additional specimens presented above, although the exact localities within “Abyssinia” cannot currently be traced. As discussed above, it is appropriate to synonymise <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> under <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> as its male.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="distribution" id="SECID0EG6AE">
          <title>Distribution.</title>
          <p>Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Zambia, Namibia (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Smith 1879</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cockerell 1910</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley 1993</xref>, as <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> partim and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="bettoni">bettoni</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>).</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
      </tp:taxon-treatment>
      <tp:taxon-treatment>
        <tp:treatment-meta>
          <kwd-group>
            <label>Taxon classification</label>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="kingdom" xlink:type="simple">Animalia</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="order" xlink:type="simple">Hymenoptera</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="family" xlink:type="simple">Apidae</named-content>
            </kwd>
          </kwd-group>
        </tp:treatment-meta>
        <tp:nomenclature>
          <tp:taxon-name><object-id content-type="arpha">3ACB1E39-2EEE-5C9A-BFA0-3D6E59C2A905</object-id>
            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>) <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
          <tp:taxon-authority>(Dours, 1869)</tp:taxon-authority>
          <tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">Habropoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festiva">festiva</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
              <comment>Dours, 1869: 33, ♀♂ [South Africa, type lost?].</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">Habropoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="capensis">capensis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
              <comment>Cameron, 1905: 255, ♀ [South Africa, <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>, lectotype by present designation] (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>).</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
          </tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
        </tp:nomenclature>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="material" id="SECID0EYCAG">
          <title>Material examined.</title>
          <p><bold>Kenya</bold> • 1♂, 2♀; Brit. E. Af., 30 miles from Magadi Junc.; 1–30 Apr. 1912; F.G. Hamilton leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂; Brit. E. Africa, Magadi Ry.; 1–31 May 1912; F.G. Hamilton leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂; Magadi; 7 Apr. 1912; F.G. Hamilton leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 6♀; Ngong; 1–30 Jun. 1944; V.G.L. van Someren leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 2♀; Nzoi [probably Nzaui Hill], Ukambani Country; 1 Jan. – 28 Feb. 1889; F.J. Jackson leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♀; Mission de l’Omo, Machacos [Machakos], Wa-Kamba; 1600 m a.s.l.; 1932–1933; C. Arambourg, P.-A. Chappuis, R. Jeannel leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content>; <bold>Lesotho</bold> • 1♂; Basuto Land, between Motsekuwa [Motsekuoa] and Mafetina [Mafeteng]; 30 Mar. 1902; R. Crawshay leg.; D.B. Baker det. 1979; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂, 2♀; Basutoland; R. Crawshay leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>; <bold>South Africa</bold> • 1♀; Africa: Belmont; 23 Feb. 1934; J. Ogilvie leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♀; Cape Colony; ex. P. Cameron collection 1905-192; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> (lectotype of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">Habropoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="capensis">capensis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>) • 1♀; Cape G. H. [Cape of Good Hope]; ex. F. Smith collection 1879.22; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♀; Kwazulu, Blood River Mem.; 22 Feb. 2000; G.G.M. Schulten leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/national-museum-natural-history-naturalis">RMNH</named-content> • 1♂, 1♀; O.R. Colony, Bloemfontein; 4,500 ft a.s.l.; 1 Dec. 1894 – 31 May 1895; F.N. Brown leg.; D.B. Baker det. 1988; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford" id="ABBRID0EOFAG">OUMNH</abbrev> • 1♀; Orange Free State, Donkerspoort; 18 Apr. 1934; J. Ogilvie leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂; Willowmore, Capland; Dr. Brauns leg.; T.J. Wood det.; Accessioned 1912-95; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 4♂, 1♀; Colonie du Cap, Steynsburg; 1914; R. Ellenburger leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content> • 1♂, 1♀; Colonie du Cap, Steynsburg; 1915; R. Ellenburger leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content>.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="notes" id="SECID0EHGAG">
          <title>Notes.</title>
          <p>Although most type material of Dours is considered lost, <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> was described using material from the collections of both Jean Antoine Dours and Frédéric Jules Sichel, the latter of which may still be preserved in the Paris museum, although a recent search could not locate any syntypic specimens. Although the type material is currently treated as lost (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley 1993</xref>), the concept and use of the name <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> are well established in the literature and in collections; only two <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> species occur around the Cap de Bonne-Espérance (Cape of Good Hope, the <italic>locus typicus</italic>), the description is consistent with its current use, and so it is not considered necessary to designate a neotype.</p>
          <p>Equally, the identity of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">Habropoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="capensis">capensis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> has been considered straightforward for the same reasons, and the synonymy was made almost immediately (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Friese 1905</xref>: 233). <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993</xref>: 222) noted that the “holotype” of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">H.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="capensis">capensis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> was lost, as it could not be found at the Albany Museum (Grahamstown, now Makhanda, South Africa). However, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cameron (1905</xref>: 256) wrote: “Cape Colony. (Brak Kloof); Transvaal.”, clearly indicating that at least two specimens must have been used to describe the species, given the two reported regions. There is also no specific reference to the Albany Museum in the entry for <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">H.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="capensis">capensis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, as Cameron stated at the beginning of the paper that specimens dealt with in that work were from various private collectors, the Albany Museum collection, and specimens placed in his own collection.</p>
          <p>Examination of the <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> collection has produced a female labelled in Cameron’s distinctive handwriting as coming from Cape Colony (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5</xref>). The specimen bears the accession number 1905-192, indicating that it was received by the <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> in the year 1905, i.e. in the same year as the description of the species. As it was clearly inspected by Cameron and comes from one of the stated localities (Cape Colony), it can be treated as syntypic and is hereby designated as the lectotype. Morphologically, the specimen conforms to the concept of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> employed in the literature (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Friese 1905</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley 1993</xref>).</p>
          <p>Finally, specimens of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> were unexpectedly found from southern Kenya in both the <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> and <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content> collections (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7</xref>). The published distributional range was considered to be South Africa and Lesotho (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley 1993</xref>), but multiple specimens collected by F. J. Jackson, F. G. Hamilton, V. G. L. van Someren, C. Arambourg, P.-A. Chappuis, and R. Jeannel from a small area of south-western Kenya not far from Nairobi were morphologically consistent with southern African specimens, with very minor yellow markings on the female mandibles (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6C</xref>; see identification key). This emphasises the emerging biogeographic link observed in bees between southern Africa and southern Kenya (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ascher and Engel 2017</xref>; see Discussion).</p>
          <p>This has potential implications for a different but potentially ecologically related genus of bees, the parasitic lineage <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">Afromelecta</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Lieftinck, 1972 (<tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="family">Apidae</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>: <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="tribe">Melectini</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>). Originally described based on the species <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">Afromelecta</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="fulvohirta">fulvohirta</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Cameron, 1905), which is considered restricted to South Africa (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Lieftinck 1972</xref>), <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Eardley (1991)</xref> described <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">Afromelecta</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="lieftincki">lieftincki</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Eardley, 1991 from a single specimen from southern Kenya (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">8</xref>). Examination of the collecting information reveals that it is from Machakos and was collected by C. Arambourg, P.-A. Chappuis, and R. Jeannel between 1932 and 1933 (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F8">8A</xref>; cited as 1922–1933 by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">Eardley 1991</xref>: 3), which is the same collecting information as for the <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content> specimen of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">Brauns (1926)</xref> cited <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> as the host of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">A.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="fulvohirta">fulvohirta</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (as <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">Habropoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festiva">festiva</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Epeolus">Epeolus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="fulvohirtus">fulvohirtus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, respectively), as mentioned by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Lieftinck (1972</xref>: 315), although the latter author expressed caution regarding this proposed host association given the diversity of anthophorine bees in South Africa.</p>
          <fig id="F5" position="float" orientation="portrait">
            <object-id content-type="doi">10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e169092.figure5</object-id>
            <object-id content-type="arpha">3DBF90FD-756D-5621-9D71-396FF43BF774</object-id>
            <label>Figure 5.</label>
            <caption>
              <p><italic><tp:taxon-name>
              <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">Habropoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="capensis">capensis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Cameron, 1905 (= <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Dours, 1869)) lectotype female (<named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>). <bold>A.</bold> Label details; <bold>B.</bold> Habitus, lateral view; <bold>C.</bold> Head, frontal view; <bold>D.</bold> Terga, dorsal view.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="contributions-to-entomology-75-339-g005.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_1478436.jpg">
              <uri content-type="original_file">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1478436</uri>
            </graphic>
          </fig>
          <fig id="F6" position="float" orientation="portrait">
            <object-id content-type="doi">10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e169092.figure6</object-id>
            <object-id content-type="arpha">5D85720F-4B15-5029-AC9E-7D282188A151</object-id>
            <label>Figure 6.</label>
            <caption>
              <p><italic><tp:taxon-name>
              <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Dours, 1869) female (<named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>). <bold>A.</bold> Label details; <bold>B.</bold> Habitus, lateral view; <bold>C.</bold> Lower part of head, anterolateral view; <bold>D.</bold> Terga, dorsal view.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="contributions-to-entomology-75-339-g006.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_1478437.jpg">
              <uri content-type="original_file">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1478437</uri>
            </graphic>
          </fig>
          <fig id="F7" position="float" orientation="portrait">
            <object-id content-type="doi">10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e169092.figure7</object-id>
            <object-id content-type="arpha">25C37283-6567-5946-B48D-34A8FB2CB142</object-id>
            <label>Figure 7.</label>
            <caption>
              <p><italic><tp:taxon-name>
              <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Dours, 1869) male (<named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>). <bold>A.</bold> Label details; <bold>B.</bold> Habitus, lateral view; <bold>C.</bold> Head, frontal view; <bold>D.</bold> Hind basitarsus, dorsal view.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="contributions-to-entomology-75-339-g007.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_1478438.jpg">
              <uri content-type="original_file">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1478438</uri>
            </graphic>
          </fig>
          <fig id="F8" position="float" orientation="portrait">
            <object-id content-type="doi">10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e169092.figure8</object-id>
            <object-id content-type="arpha">B12F43DB-C0F9-535B-B9F1-AF9F34DACF9C</object-id>
            <label>Figure 8.</label>
            <caption>
              <p><italic><tp:taxon-name>
              <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">Afromelecta</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="lieftincki">lieftincki</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Eardley, 1991 holotype male (<named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content>). <bold>A.</bold> Label details; <bold>B.</bold> Habitus, lateral view; <bold>C.</bold> Head, frontal view; <bold>D.</bold> Scutellum, dorsal view; <bold>E.</bold> Forewing, dorsal view; <bold>F.</bold> Metasoma, dorsal view.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="contributions-to-entomology-75-339-g008.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_1478439.jpg">
              <uri content-type="original_file">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1478439</uri>
            </graphic>
          </fig>
          <p>The concurrent (as far as can be inferred given the lack of precise dates) capture of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">A.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="lieftincki">lieftincki</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> in Kenya and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">A.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="fulvohirta">fulvohirta</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> in South Africa (see also material collected by R. Ellenburger) is suggestive, but given the small number of specimens involved, no action is taken here. The hypothesis that <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">A.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="lieftincki">lieftincki</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> is simply an isolated population of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">A.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="fulvohirta">fulvohirta</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, with both taxa attacking <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, is proposed here but requires additional study and field validation.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="distribution" id="SECID0E4RAG">
          <title>Distribution.</title>
          <p>South Africa, Lesotho, Kenya* (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dours 1869</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cameron 1905</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Friese 1905</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley 1993</xref>).</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="material" id="SECID0ETSAG">
          <title>Other material examined.</title>
          <p>(<italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">Afromelecta</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="fulvohirta">fulvohirta</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>) <bold>South Africa</bold> • 1♀; Colonie du Cap, Steynsburg; 1914; R. Ellenburger leg,; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content> • 1♂; Colonie du Cap, Steynsburg; 1915; R. Ellenburger leg,; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content>; (<italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">Afromelecta</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="lieftincki">lieftincki</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>) <bold>Kenya</bold> • 1♂; Mission de l’Omo, Machacos [Machakos], Wa-Kamba; 1600 m a.s.l.; 1932–1933; C. Arambourg, P-A. Chappuis, R. Jeannel leg.; C. Eardley det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content> (holotype).</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
      </tp:taxon-treatment>
      <tp:taxon-treatment>
        <tp:treatment-meta>
          <kwd-group>
            <label>Taxon classification</label>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="kingdom" xlink:type="simple">Animalia</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="order" xlink:type="simple">Hymenoptera</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="family" xlink:type="simple">Apidae</named-content>
            </kwd>
          </kwd-group>
        </tp:treatment-meta>
        <tp:nomenclature>
          <tp:taxon-name><object-id content-type="arpha">FE6BA802-5A86-5028-A33F-5B17D44DFFCA</object-id>
            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>) <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="haladai">haladai</tp:taxon-name-part><object-id content-type="zoobank" xlink:type="simple">https://zoobank.org/BEDC341D-BA3E-43E7-A167-6EDB2B24568A</object-id></tp:taxon-name>
          <tp:taxon-status>sp. nov.</tp:taxon-status>
        </tp:nomenclature>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="Holotype" id="SECID0ELVAG">
          <title>Holotype.</title>
          <p><bold>Ethiopia</bold> • 1♂; 60 km SSW Negele [probably actually <named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates"><named-content content-type="geo-json" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[39.433300,5.533300]}" id="NCID0EWVAG">5.5333°N, 39.4333°E</named-content></named-content>], 1480 m a.s.l.; 24 May 2015; J. Halada leg.; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0E2VAG">OÖLM</abbrev>.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="diagnosis" id="SECID0EAWAG">
          <title>Diagnosis.</title>
          <p><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="haladai">haladai</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> can swiftly be placed in the <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="infraspecific-rank">subgenus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>, as the tarsi lack arolia, the first flagellar segment is shorter than the scape, the labrum presents a weak transverse preapical ridge, and T2 has a moderately strong gradulus which does not reach the apical margin of the segment. At a specific level, it can be swiftly recognised due to the combination of a long dense fringe of hairs on the anterior basitarsus (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9C</xref>; as in <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>) and the mid trochanters being strongly produced into long tooth-like projections (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9E</xref>). This places it closest to <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>, as <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> have the mid trochanters rounded. Separation of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="haladai">haladai</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> can be made by the shape of the hind basitarsus (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9F</xref>) which in <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="haladai">haladai</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> has a strongly produced acute projection at the base, with the inner surface of the basitarsus distinctly concave (in <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> without such a spine, and with the inner margin of the hind basitarsus straight, more or less parallel with the outer surface, Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4D</xref>). The shape of the hind basitarsus also allows for separation from <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2E</xref>, hind basitarsus strongly broadened apically, thus triangular) and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7D</xref>, hind basitarsus with a small tooth apically, but not basally).</p>
          <fig id="F9" position="float" orientation="portrait">
            <object-id content-type="doi">10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e169092.figure9</object-id>
            <object-id content-type="arpha">876111F5-DEA9-54C9-9FC8-2CEAC9736B61</object-id>
            <label>Figure 9.</label>
            <caption>
              <p><italic><tp:taxon-name>
              <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="haladai">haladai</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> sp. nov. holotype male (<abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0EWRBI">OÖLM</abbrev>). <bold>A.</bold> Habitus, lateral view; <bold>B.</bold> Head, frontal view; <bold>C.</bold> Fore tarsus, dorsal view; <bold>D.</bold> Mid tarsus, lateral view; <bold>E.</bold> Mid trochanter, anterolateral view; <bold>F.</bold> Hind tibia and basitarsus, lateral view.</p>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="contributions-to-entomology-75-339-g009.jpg" position="float" orientation="portrait" xlink:type="simple" id="oo_1478440.jpg">
              <uri content-type="original_file">https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/1478440</uri>
            </graphic>
          </fig>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="description" id="SECID0EO2AG">
          <title>Description.</title>
          <p><bold>Female.</bold> Unknown.</p>
          <p><bold>Male.</bold> Body length: 18 mm (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9A</xref>). <bold><italic>Head</italic></bold>: 1.5 times wider than long, integument dark with yellow maculations on scape, majority of clypeus with exception of black mark basomedially, labrum, and mandibles basally, apexes of mandibles olive-yellow (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9B</xref>). Labrum with weak preapical transverse ridge, surface between preapical ridge and apical margin covered with short buff hairs. Eyes large, inner margins curved, dorsally and ventrally with margins diverging. Galea moderately long, shorter than length of head. Head covered with whitish to buff hairs, hairs not equalling length of scape. Gena approximately 60% diameter of compound eye; ocelloccipital distance slightly exceeding diameter of lateral ocellus. Antennae with dorsal surface dark, ventrally surface from apex of A3 onwards lightened orange, ventral surface of A4–13 additionally with presence of greyish scales. A3 exceeding length of A4, shorter than A4+5; A3 also shorter than antennal scape.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Mesosoma</italic></bold>: Scutum densely and shallowly punctate, punctures confluent over majority of surface, becoming sparser posteromedially, separated by 1–2 puncture diameters. Mesepisternum with relatively larger punctures, punctures predominantly dense, separated by &lt;0.5–1 puncture diameter. Mesepisternum with whitish hairs, becoming buff to golden brown dorsally. Fore leg with femur entirely and tibia anteriorly lightened orange. Fore basitarsis slightly broadened, ivory white with anterior surface polished, posterior margin with conspicuous fringe of long golden hairs, fringe greatly exceeding diameter of basitarsus (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9C</xref>); remaining tarsal segments brownish. Mid leg with femur and tibia anteriorly lightened orange, tibia thickened, apically produced into weakly lamellate margin. Mid basitarsus flattened, lightened yellowish, anteriorly produced into slightly curved blunt point; dorsal surface partially covered in short whitish hairs (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9D</xref>). Trochanter of mid leg ventrally produced into long tooth-like projection (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9E</xref>). Hind leg with femur latitudinally broadened, ventrally surface weakly excavated basally. Hind tibia weakly broadened medially, ventroapically with small acutely pointed tooth; dorsal surface partially covered with short whitish hairs. Hind basitarsus with outer surface flattened, basally with strongly produced acute projection, inner surface distinctly concave, broadening apically (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9F</xref>). All tarsal claws lacking arolia.</p>
          <p><bold><italic>Metasoma</italic></bold>: Terga dark, apical margins obscurely lightened brownish hyaline. Lateral surface of disc of T2–3 with moderately strong gradulus present, not extending to apical margin. Disc of T1 with erect light brown hairs, apical margin with narrow hairband composed of buff hairs. Apical margins of T2–5 with long white apical hairbands occupying entire marginal area. T7 basally with dense orange hairs, becoming dark brown apically; surface with conspicuous pygidial plate, plate rounded triangular, surface obscurely pitted, dull.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="notes" id="SECID0ED4AG">
          <title>Notes.</title>
          <p>Coordinates were provided on the label, which read: 5°32'N, 39°26'E [<named-content content-type="dwc:verbatimCoordinates"><named-content content-type="geo-json" specific-use="{&quot;type&quot;:&quot;Point&quot;,&quot;coordinates&quot;:[39.433300,5.533300]}" id="NCID0EM4AG">5.5333°N, 39.4333°E</named-content></named-content>], approximately 28 kilometres north-west of Negele. The altitude here is about 1,550 m a.s.l., whereas 60 kilometres SSW of Negele is at an altitude of around 800 m a.s.l. The provided coordinates are therefore considered more accurate, as written localities on Halada labels are often indicative rather than absolutely precise.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="etymology" id="SECID0ER4AG">
          <title>Etymology.</title>
          <p>Named after the Czech collector Jiří Halada, who for many years has travelled the world collecting insects, many of which are deposited in the Linz collection and have served as the basis for hundreds of new species descriptions. His collections, along with those of other members of his family, have immeasurably increased our understanding of insect biodiversity.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="distribution" id="SECID0EW4AG">
          <title>Distribution.</title>
          <p>Ethiopia.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
      </tp:taxon-treatment>
      <tp:taxon-treatment>
        <tp:treatment-meta>
          <kwd-group>
            <label>Taxon classification</label>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="kingdom" xlink:type="simple">Animalia</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="order" xlink:type="simple">Hymenoptera</named-content>
            </kwd>
            <kwd>
              <named-content content-type="family" xlink:type="simple">Apidae</named-content>
            </kwd>
          </kwd-group>
        </tp:treatment-meta>
        <tp:nomenclature>
          <tp:taxon-name><object-id content-type="arpha">7987B879-F776-52CB-B68B-A62086E21C3F</object-id>
            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>) <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="reichardti">reichardti</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
          <tp:taxon-authority>Stadelmann, 1898</tp:taxon-authority>
          <tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="reichardti">reichardti</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
              <comment>Stadelmann, 1898: ♀ [Tanzania, <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-f%C3%BCr-naturkunde-berlin-zoological-collections">ZMB</named-content>, not examined].</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
            <tp:nomenclature-citation>
              <tp:taxon-name>
                <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Anthophora">Anthophora</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="determinata">determinata</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name>
              <comment>Friese, 1905: 234, ♀♂ [Tanzania, <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum für Naturkunde Berlin (Zoological Collections)" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-f%C3%BCr-naturkunde-berlin-zoological-collections">ZMB</named-content>, not examined].</comment>
            </tp:nomenclature-citation>
          </tp:nomenclature-citation-list>
        </tp:nomenclature>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="material" id="SECID0EGABG">
          <title>Material examined.</title>
          <p><bold>Kenya</bold> • 1♂; Brit. E. Af., 30 miles from Magadi Junc.; 1–30 Apr. 1912; F.G. Hamilton leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♂; Brit. E. Af., Kibwezi; 3,000 ft a.s.l.; 24 Apr. 1911; S.A. Neave leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 3♀; E of Mwingi; 14 May 2007; M. Halada leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0EYABG">OÖLM</abbrev>/<abbrev xlink:title="Personal collection of Thomas J. Wood, Leiden" id="ABBRID0E4ABG">TJWC</abbrev> • 1♂; SE, Tsavo Inn., W Mtito Andei; 17 Apr. 2007; M. Snižek leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0EBBBG">OÖLM</abbrev> • 1♂; Taita Hills, Voi river; 14 Apr. 2007; M. Halada leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0EGBBG">OÖLM</abbrev> • 1♂; Afrique Orient. Angl., Boura (Wa-Taita) [Bura, Taita Hills]; 1–31 Mar. 1904; Ch. Alluaud leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content>; <bold>Malawi</bold> • 1♀; Mt. Soche; 19 Mar. 1977; G.G.M. Schulten leg.; C. Eardley det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/national-museum-natural-history-naturalis">RMNH</named-content> • 2♂; Ntchisi Forest; 5 Apr. 1975; G.G.M. Schulten leg.; C. Eardley det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/national-museum-natural-history-naturalis">RMNH</named-content> • 22♂, 13♀; Nyasaland, Mlanje; 14 Feb. – 13 Jun. 1913; S.A. Neave leg.; D.B. Baker/C. Eardley/T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> • 1♀; Nyasaland, Mlanje Boma; 2,400 ft a.s.l.; 26 Apr. – 5 May 2010; S.A. Neave leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>; <bold>Mozambique</bold> • 1♀; Port. E. Africa, Valley of Kola R., nr. E. Mt. Chiperone; 1500–2000 ft a.s.l.; 6 Apr. 1913; S.A. Neave leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>; <bold>Tanzania</bold> • 1♂; Tanga; 11 Jun. 1985; G.G.M. Schulten leg.; T.J. Wood det.; <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="National Museum of Natural History, Naturalis" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/national-museum-natural-history-naturalis">RMNH</named-content>.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="notes" id="SECID0EUCBG">
          <title>Notes.</title>
          <p>The species is here confirmed from Mozambique, close to the border with Malawi, a country in which <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="reichardti">reichardti</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> appears to have been commonly collected in localities such as Mulanje. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993</xref>: 225) wrote that “Lieftinck (1973) mentioned that it occurs in Mozambique but did not give the precise locality”. However, this actually refers to <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">Lieftinck (1972</xref>: 315), who mentioned <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="reichardti">reichardti</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (as <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Habropoda">Habropoda</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="determinata">determinata</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic>) from “Portuguese E. Africa”. This may have referred to the <named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content> specimen, but in any case, the species is now demonstrated to occur in this country.</p>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
        <tp:treatment-sec sec-type="distribution" id="SECID0EIEBG">
          <title>Distribution.</title>
          <p>Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Stadelmann 1898</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Friese 1905</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley 1993</xref>).</p>
          <sec sec-type="Updated identification key to continental African Pachymelus species" id="SECID0E1EBG">
            <title>Updated identification key to continental African <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> species</title>
            <p>The key of <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref> is here updated and modified, taking into account the taxonomic changes proposed in this study, as well as the placement of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="peringueyi">peringueyi</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Friese, 1911) in <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> s. str. (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">Michener 2007</xref>). Females of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="abessinicus">abessinicus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Friese, 1912) and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="haladai">haladai</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> are currently unknown (see <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley 1993</xref>). The illustrations in <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref> are highly valuable and should be consulted, taking into account the taxonomic changes proposed here.</p>
            <table-wrap content-type="key" position="anchor" orientation="portrait">
              <table id="TID0EYQAE" rules="all">
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>1</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arolia present between the tarsal claws. Labrum without a transverse preapical ridge. Female clypeus entirely black, without any yellow maculations. Found in western South Africa and Namibia. <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (<italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> s. str.)</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="peringueyi">peringueyi</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Friese)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Arolia absent. Labrum with transverse preapical ridge, often broken. Female clypeus with yellow maculations of variable extent. Found in Southern and Eastern Africa from south-central South Africa to Ethiopia. <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name></td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Twelve antennal segments, six visible metasomal segments; females</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>3</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Thirteen antennal segments, seven visible metasomal segments; males</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>6</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>3</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesepisternum and entirety of mid-leg with abundant black pubescence (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3C</xref>)</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>4</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mesepisternum and mid-leg with almost entirely pale pubescence, at most with scattered black hairs (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6B</xref>)</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>5</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>4</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terga with fine and dense orange pubescence, not seeming to form apical hairbands (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1D</xref>). Scutum with finely intermixed greyish and dark brown hairs (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1B–C</xref>). Facial markings lemon yellow (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F1">1C</xref>). Slightly smaller, 15–16 mm in length</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Smith</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terga with relatively coarse orange-brown pubescence, weakly forming apical hairbands (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3D</xref>). Scutum with rich reddish-brown hairs, at most with few intermixed black hairs (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3A, C</xref>). Facial markings ivory yellow (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F3">3B</xref>). Slightly larger, 16–18 mm in length</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Friese)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>5</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terga with pale pubescence even, uniformly covering the tergal surfaces (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6D</xref>). Face with pale markings typically presenting as a yellow spot on the clypeus, with the labrum and mandibles dark (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F5">5C</xref>). Some specimens from Kenya can show small pale markings at the base of the mandibles (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F6">6C</xref>)</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Dours)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Terga with pale pubescence uneven, T2–3 with distinct subapical crossbands of black hairs interrupting pale pubescence. Clypeus with majority of anterior margin yellow-marked, with yellow markings also across base of mandibles</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="reichardti">reichardti</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Stadelmann</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>6</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fore basitarsus with a conspicuous fringe of long pale hairs (Figs <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2D</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9C</xref>)</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>7</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Fore basitarsus without such a conspicuous hair fringe</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>10</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>7</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mid legs with the trochanters produced into long ventrally-projecting teeth (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9E</xref>)</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>8</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Mid legs with the trochanters rounded, not noticeably elongate</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>9</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>8</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hind basitarsus with a strong acute projection basally, with the inner surface distinctly concave (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F9">9F</xref>)</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="haladai">haladai</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> sp. nov.</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hind basitarsus without an acute projection basally, with the inner surface straight, more or less parallel with the outer surface (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F4">4D</xref>)</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Friese)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>9</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hind basitarsus strongly broadened apically, thus appearing triangular (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F2">2E</xref>). Apex of hind basitarsus rounded to blunt. Dorsal surface of hind basitarsus with a distinct posterior fringe of white hairs, the remaining surface glabrous</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Smith</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Hind basitarsus weakly broadened apically, not obviously appearing triangular (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="F7">7D</xref>). Apex of hind basitarsus produced into a small tooth or angulation. Dorsal surface of hind basitarsus entirely covered with pale pubescence</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Dours)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold>10</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discs of T2–4 predominantly black-haired with a very pale yellowish-white anterior fringe, without pale hairs covering the disc. Hind femur strongly broadened, appearing swollen. Hind tibia curved and apically thickened, ventrally extending into a broad, yellowish, and blunt projection</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="abessinicus">abessinicus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Friese)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">–</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Discs of T2–4 with pale yellowish to orange vestiture anteriorly and posteriorly, with a distinct black subapical cross-band, not predominantly black-haired. Hind femur not noticeably broadened. Hind tibia apically produced into a yellowish acutely pointed projection</td>
                    <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                      <bold><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                            <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="reichardti">reichardti</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Stadelmann</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </tp:treatment-sec>
      </tp:taxon-treatment>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="Discussion" id="SECID0EMZBG">
      <title>Discussion</title>
      <p>The findings presented here clarify several outstanding issues in <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name>. Although males display a highly distinctive morphology, characters allowing confident sex association are essentially absent, meaning that workers must examine many specimens from across the range of different taxa to make reliable associations. Although the description of new species based on single specimens that inevitably represent only one sex (i.e. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cockerell 1910</xref>) has caused confusion in understanding this subgenus of bees, the morphology of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="haladai">haladai</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> is so distinctive, and males are now confidently known from all other species, that its description is warranted.</p>
      <p>In addition to this description and clarification of sex associations, the study of additional material and integration of published literature allow confident recognition of Kenya as the centre of diversity for <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name>, with five of the six species present in the south of the country (Table <xref ref-type="table" rid="T1">1</xref>). Although not home to the explosive undescribed bee diversity of South Africa (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">Kuhlmann 2025</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">Pöllein and Kuhlmann 2025</xref>), Kenya has received attention over the past decade with the description of new and unusual bee species (e.g. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">Patiny et al. 2013</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">Pauly 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">Dathe 2014</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ascher and Engel 2017</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">Bossert and Pauly 2019</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">Bossert et al. 2020</xref>).</p>
      <p>It is not merely that new species have been described from Kenya, but that the nature of these bee species is noteworthy, representing unusual lineages such as <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Mermiglossa">Mermiglossa</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Friese, 1912 and <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Schwarzia">Schwarzia</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Eardley, 2009. In particular, southern Kenya hosts many dry and xeric habitats, which are relatively unusual within the Afrotropics until one approaches the southern part of the continent (e.g. Namibia, South Africa). At a global scale, seasonally xeric habitats are known to support high bee diversity (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">Orr et al. 2021</xref>), so it is unsurprising that new bees are being described from southern Kenya. What is more remarkable is that a biogeographic link has emerged between southern Africa and southern Kenya; the genus <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Mermiglossa">Mermiglossa</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> was considered endemic to the Namib Desert until the description of a Kenyan species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ascher and Engel 2017</xref>). In this context, the new records of <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> from southern Kenya are more understandable, despite the lack of records from the intervening areas of Zimbabwe, Zambia, Malawi, and Tanzania. It remains to be established whether <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Afromelecta">Afromelecta</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="fulvohirta">fulvohirta</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> is also present in both southern and eastern Africa as a single species with a disjunct distribution.</p>
      <p>As discussed by <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">Ascher and Engel (2017)</xref>, other East African countries have lower documented bee species richness than Kenya, but it is highly likely that the Ethiopian fauna is strongly under-recorded, with currently just over 200 documented species (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">Ascher and Pickering 2025</xref>). The presence of such a large and morphologically distinct species as <italic><tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">P.</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="haladai">haladai</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> strongly suggests that many more bee species await discovery and description in this region.</p>
      <table-wrap id="T1" position="float" orientation="portrait">
        <label>Table 1.</label>
        <caption>
          <p>Known distributions of the six <tp:taxon-name><tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> (<tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="subgenus" reg="Pachymelopsis">Pachymelopsis</tp:taxon-name-part>)</tp:taxon-name> species. The <italic>terra typica</italic> are in bold.</p>
        </caption>
        <table id="TID0EAMBG" rules="all">
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Species</th>
              <th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Distribution</th>
              <th rowspan="1" colspan="1">Reference</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                  <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="abessinicus">abessinicus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Friese, 1912)</td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>Kenya</bold>, Tanzania</td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Friese (1911)</xref>; present study</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                  <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="armatipes">armatipes</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Friese, 1911)</td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethiopia, <bold>Somalia</bold>, Kenya</td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">Friese (1911)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref>; present study</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                  <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="conspicuus">conspicuus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Smith, 1879</td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, <bold>Malawi</bold>, Zambia, Namibia</td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">Smith (1879)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">Cockerell (1910)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref>; present study</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                  <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="festivus">festivus</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> (Dours, 1869)</td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><bold>South Africa</bold>, Lesotho, Kenya</td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">Dours (1869)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">Cameron (1905)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Friese (1905)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref>; present study</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                  <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="haladai">haladai</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> sp. nov.</td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">
                <bold>Ethiopia</bold>
              </td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Present study</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><italic><tp:taxon-name>
                  <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="genus" reg="Pachymelus">Pachymelus</tp:taxon-name-part> <tp:taxon-name-part taxon-name-part-type="species" reg="reichardti">reichardti</tp:taxon-name-part></tp:taxon-name></italic> Stadelmann, 1898</td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1">Kenya, <bold>Tanzania</bold>, Malawi, Mozambique</td>
              <td rowspan="1" colspan="1"><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">Stadelmann (1898)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">Friese (1905)</xref>; <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">Eardley (1993)</xref>; present study</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Acknowledgements</title>
      <p>Thanks are extended to Martin Schwarz (<abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oberösterreiches Landesmuseum, Linz" id="ABBRID0EM5BG">OÖLM</abbrev>), Joseph Monks (<named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Natural History Museum, London" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/natural-history-museum-london">NHMUK</named-content>), Antoine Guiguet (<named-content content-type="dwc:institutional_code" xlink:title="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" xlink:href="http://grbio.org/institution/museum-national-dhistoire-naturelle-2">MNHN</named-content>), and James Hogan (<abbrev content-type="institution" xlink:title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History, Oxford" id="ABBRID0E25BG">OUMNH</abbrev>) for access to their collections; to Michael Orr (State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart, Germany) and Silas Bossert (Washington State University, USA) for discussions on anthophorine and melectine bees; to Holger Dathe and Stephan Blank (both Senckenberg German Entomological Institute, Müncheberg, Germany) for reviewer and editorial comments, respectively; and to Jiří Halada (České Budějovice, Czechia) for his tireless collecting efforts over many decades.</p>
    </ack>
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