Evolutionary relationships of the studied Erebia species using published barcode sequences, i.e. partial DNA-sequences of the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI). The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method (Saitou and Nei 1987). The optimal tree with the sum of branch lengths = 0.79628874 is shown. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths (next to the branches) in the same units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method (Tamura et al. 2004) and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. The analysis involved 30 nucleotide sequences. Codon positions included were 1st + 2nd + 3rd + Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated. There were a total of 609 positions in the final dataset. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA7 (Kumar et al. 2016). Species are marked with colored circles and diamonds corresponding to the growth strategy via 4 (red), 5 (green) or 6 (blue) larval instars. Groups are indicated as follows: red circles (group 4A), red diamonds (group 4B), green diamonds (group 5A), green circles (group 5B). Four monophyletic species clusters are framed and marked with A–D. Accession numbers from GenBank for the sequences used are given.