Holotype. JAPAN • ♂; Honshu, Tochigi Pref., Nikko, near lake Yuno; 36°48'N, 139°26'E; alt. 1500 m; 18 June 2000; K. Uesugi leg.; NSMT.

Male. Head: Eye bridge four facets wide. Prefrons with many setae and clypeus bare. Scape brown with 3 anterior setae, pedicel brown with many setae; flagellomeres brown; 4^th flagellomere 2.6 times as long as wide, neck portion about 1/8 of its whole length (Fig. 1A), hairs yellow and almost as long as its width. Palpus yellowish brown, 2-segmented, 1^st segment with 4 setae on its outside and with distinct brownish sensory area bearing minute sensilla, 2^nd segment with 6 setae (Fig. 1B). Thorax: Color predominantly brown with dorsocentral and dorsolateral setae on mesonotum; scutellum with many setae; posterior pronotum with setae. Legs predominantly yellowish brown; fore tibial spur about 1.2 times as long as width of tibial apex. Wing membrane bare; distal 2/3 of R5 with both dorsal and ventral macrotrichia, bM bare, r-m with several dorsal macrotrichia, M1, M2, and CuA1 with dorsal macrotrichia, stem of M bare; length of R1 = 1.3 R, c = 0.8 w, r-m = 1.6 bM; stem of CuA very short, almost absent; R1 ending at same level of branching point of M1 and M2; wing length 4.1 mm. Halter brown, knob and distal half of stalk with setae. Abdomen: Tergites and sternites brown with dark brownish setae. Gonocoxite slightly wider than long (Fig. 1C); gonostylus nearly semicircular in shape with 3 apical spines (Fig. 1D); tegmen trapezoidal with darkened border (Fig. 1C); aedeagus distinct (Fig. 1C). Body size: 3.4 mm.

Figure 1. 

Mouffetina duopalpus sp. nov., male holotype. A. 4^th flagellomere; B. Left palpus; C. Genitalia, ventral view; D. Right gonostylus, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, B, D); 0.1 mm (C).

Female. Unknown.

The name of the new species refers to its 2-segmented palpus (Fig. 1B). This species is so far the only Japanese species placed in the genus Mouffetina. The new species resembles M. expolita (Coquillett) which is known from Norway, Far Eastern Russia, Canada, and USA (Alaska, Oregon) (Mohrig et al. 2013). The new species is distinguished from M. expolita by having few apical spines and a more gently curved outline of the gonostylus (Fig. 1D).

JAPAN • 12 ♂♂; Kyushu, Kumamoto Pref., Aso, Aso National Park, coniferous plantation of Cryptomeria japonica; 32°55'N, 131°06'E; alt. 700 m; 12–14 Oct.1995; M. Jaschhof leg., aspirator and sweep-net; 9 ♂♂, SDEI; 2 ♂♂, PCMS; 1 ♂, MZH • 2 ♂♂; Honshu, Kanagawa Pref., Isehara, Mt. Oyama, Miharudai; 35°26'09"N, 139°14'31"E; alt. 800 m; 19 June 2006; M. Sutou leg., sweep-net; 1 ♂, SDEI; 1 ♂, PCMS • 4 ♂♂; Honshu, Hyogo Pref., Yabu, Mt. Hyounosen, mixed forest dominated by Fagus crenata and bamboo grasses; 35°21'N, 134°31'E; alt. 1200 m; 28 Sept. 1995; M. Jaschhof and T. Yagi leg., sweep-net; SDEI • 2 ♂♂; Honshu, Osaka Pref., Minoh, mixed forest, evergreen broad-leaved trees and Cryptomeria japonica; 29 Sept. 1995; M. Jaschhof leg.; SDEI • 1 ♂; Shikoku, Kochi Pref., Tosashimizu, Ashizuri Peninsula, Sata-yama Forest Reserve, primary evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by Castanopsis sieboldii; 32°45'N, 133°00'E; alt. 300–400 m; 9 Nov. 1998; M. Jaschhof leg., sweep-net; SDEI • 1 ♂; same data but 10 Nov. 1998; SDEI • 1 ♂; Kyushu, Miyazaki Pref., Miyakonojyo, Takazaki; 31°55'N, 131°03'E; alt. 200 m; 27 May 2002; M. Sutou leg., sweep-net; PCMS • 1 ♂; Kyushu, Kagoshima Pref., Kirishima, Makizono; 31°52'N, 130°45'E; alt. 240 m; 25 Oct. 1998; M. Sutou leg., sweep-net; PCMS.

Remarks. This species is widely distributed, and has been recorded from Europe (Menzel and Mohrig 1997; Vilkamaa 2003; Menzel et al. 2006), North America (Vilkamaa 2003; Mohrig et al. 2013), and Taiwan (Rudzinski 2005). The present study reports the first record of this species from Japan. The gonostylus of this species has two characteristic mesal spines, which are moderately directed downward. These two spines tend to be more widely separated each other in the Japanese specimens (Fig. 2B) compared to those of the specimens from the other regions.

Figure 2. 

Trichosia scotica (Edwards), male. A. Genitalia, ventral view; B. Left gonostylus, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A); 0.05 mm (B).

Holotype. JAPAN • ♂; Kyushu, Kumamoto Pref., Aso, Aso National Park, coniferous plantation of Cryptomeria japonica; 32°55'N, 131°06'E; alt. 700 m; 12–14 Oct. 1995; M. Jaschhof leg., aspirator and sweep-net; SDEI. Paratypes. JAPAN • 29 ♂♂; same data as for holotype; 23 ♂♂, SDEI; 2 ♂♂, NSMT; 2 ♂♂, PCMS; 2 ♂♂, MZH • 2 ♂♂; Honshu, Tokyo, Miyake Island, Hinoyama-touge; 34°06'N, 139°33'E; 5–7 Apr. 2010; J. Aoki leg., flight interception trap; SDEI.

Male. Head: Eye bridge 2‒3 facets wide. Prefrons with about 5 setae and clypeus bare or with a seta. Scape brown with about 5 setae anteriorly, pedicel brown with about 10 setae; flagellomeres brown, base of 1^st flagellomere yellow; 4^th flagellomere about 5.0 times as long as wide, neck portion about 1/8 of its whole length (Fig. 3A), hairs yellowish brown and longer than width of flagellomere. Palpus yellowish brown, 3-segmented with length ratio 1.8 : 1.0 : 2.1, 1^st segment with 1‒3 (mostly 2) setae on its outside and with indistinct sensory area bearing minute sensilla, 2^nd segment with 6‒7 setae, frequently one of them distinctly longer than the others, 3^rd segment slender with about 10 setae (Fig. 3B). Thorax: Color predominantly brown; mesonotum with both short and long setae; scutellum with at most 4 long setae and some short setae; posterior pronotum bare. Coxae, femora, and tibiae predominantly yellowish brown, tarsi brown; tibiae and basitarsi, especially hindtibia with differentiated spine-like short setae in ground setosity; fore tibial spur about 1.2 times as long as width of tibial apex. Wing with brownish anterior veins and light brownish posterior veins; wing membrane bare; distal 1/5‒1/4 of R5 with both dorsal and ventral macrotrichia, bM, r-m, M1, M2, CuA1, and CuA2 with dorsal macrotrichia, stem of M bare or with several dorsal macrotrichia; length of R1 = 0.6‒0.7 R, c = 0.7‒0.8 w, r-m = 0.5‒1.0 bM, stem of CuA = 0.3‒0.7 bM; R1 ending slightly before branching point of M1 and M2; wing length 1.8‒2.4 mm. Halter yellowish brown, knob and distal 1/4‒1/3 of stalk with setae. Abdomen: Tergites and sternites brown with brownish setae, membrane between tergites and sternites yellowish brown. Gonocoxite wider than long (Fig. 3C); gonostylus longer than wide with apical spines, and inside of dorsal surface with arcuate concavity where 3‒5 spines are present, 2 of them arranged parallel (Fig. 3D); tegmen membranous, wider than long with weakly sclerotized base (Fig. 3C); aedeagus nearly V-shaped (Fig. 3C). Body size: 1.9‒2.9 mm.

Figure 3. 

Trichosia stylofornix sp. nov., male holotype. A. 4^th flagellomere; B. Left palpus; C. Genitalia, ventral view; D. Left gonostylus, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, B, D); 0.1 mm (C).

Female. Unknown.

This new species is distinctive in having long antennal flagellomeres (Fig. 3A). It also has unique structures of the gonostylus (Fig. 3D), and is named after the characteristic arcuate concavity of dorsal surface of the gonostylus (‘fornix’ means arch in Latin). The distribution of this species is so far restricted to Kumamoto, southwestern Japan, and Miyake Island, 175 km south of Tokyo metropolis.

Holotype. JAPAN • ♂; Honshu, Kanagawa Pref., Hakone, Tounomine; 35°14'N, 139°06'E; alt. 250 m; 16 May 2000; M. Sutou leg., sweep-net; NSMT. Paratypes. JAPAN • 1 ♂ (Fig. 4A); same data as for holotype; SDEI • 1 ♂; Honshu, Kanagawa Pref., Isehara, Mt. Oyama, Shimosya-Miharudai; 35°26'N, 139°14'E; alt. 700 m; 12 June 1993; K. Tsukahara leg.; KPMNH • 1 ♂; Honshu, Kanagawa Pref., Yokohama, Hodogaya, Tokiwadai, evergreen broad-leaved forest dominated by Castanopsis sieboldii (site 1); 35°28'19"N, 139°35'13"E; alt. 60 m; 23 Apr. 2007; M. Sutou leg., sweep-net; SDEI • 2 ♂♂; same data but coniferous forest dominated by Pinus taeda (site 2); 35°28'15"N, 139°35'34"E; NSMT • 1 ♀; same data (site 1) but 24 Apr. 2001; SDEI • 1 ♀; same data (site 1) but 30 May 2012; NSMT • 2 ♂♂; same data (site 1) but 15 Apr.–9 May 2002; emergence trap; PCMS • 2 ♀♀; same data (site 2) but 7 Apr. 1998; reared from larvae and pupae collected at 29 Mar. 1998; PCMS; 2 male pupae were preserved in ethanol; PCMS.

Figure 4. 

Trichosia fumoranea sp. nov. A. Habitus of male paratype. Genitalia is dissected and is mounted beside the body. B. Right wing of male holotype.

Male. Head: Eye bridge 3‒4 facets wide. Prefrons with setae and clypeus bare. Scape and pedicel brown each with about 6‒10 setae; flagellomeres brown except for yellowish base of 1^st flagellomere; 4^th flagellomere about 3.5‒4.0 times as long as wide, neck portion about 1/9 of its whole length (Fig. 5A), hairs yellowish brown and slightly longer than width of flagellomere. Palpus yellowish brown, 3-segmented with length ratio 1.3 : 1.0 : 1.5, 1^st segment with 2‒5 setae mainly on its outside and without distinct sensory area bearing minute sensilla, 2^nd segment with 4‒7 setae, 3^rd segment slender with 4‒8 setae (Fig. 5B). Thorax: Color predominantly dark brown (Fig. 4A); setae on mesonotum and scutellum consist of longer and shorter ones; posterior pronotum bare. Coxae, femora, and tibiae predominantly yellowish brown, tarsi brown (Fig. 4A); middle tibia, hind tibia, and basitarsi of all legs with differentiated spine-like short setae in ground setosity; fore tibial spur about 1.1‒1.2 times as long as width of tibial apex (Fig. 5E). Wing with brownish anterior veins and light brownish posterior veins (Fig. 4B); wing membrane fumous, with numerous macrotrichia and minute pits in which base of macrotrichia are embedded (Figs 4B, 5F); R5 with both dorsal and ventral macrotrichia almost along its whole length, bM bare, r-m, M1, M2, stem of M, CuA1, and CuA2 with dorsal macrotrichia; length of R1 = 0.9‒1.0 R, c = 0.7‒0.8 w, r-m = 0.9‒1.8 bM (x), stem of CuA very short, almost absent; R1 ending slightly beyond branching point of M1 and M2; wing length 3.4‒3.7 mm. Halter brown, knob and distal 1/4‒1/3 of stalk with setae. Abdomen: Tergites and sternites dark brown with dark brownish setae, abdominal segments slender (Fig. 4A). Gonocoxite wider than long (Fig. 5C); gonostylus longer than wide, its inside with a wide lobe on which some spines are present (Fig. 5D); upper half of tegmen nearly quadrate with two pocket-like structures (Fig. 5C), upper margin of tegmen fringed with fine teeth; aedeagus nearly Y-shaped (Fig. 5C). Body size: 3.5‒3.8 mm.

Figure 5. 

Trichosia fumoranea sp. nov., male holotype. A. 4^th flagellomere; B. Right palpus; C. Genitalia, ventral view; D. Left gonostylus, ventral view; E. Inside of left foretibia; F. Right wing. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, B, D, E); 0.1 mm (C); 0.5 mm (F).

Female. Similar to male, but 4^th flagellomere about 3.0 times as long as wide, hairs almost as long as width of flagellomere. Wing length 3.5‒3.8 mm. Body size 3.6‒4.8 mm.

The name of this new species alludes to its blackish body color including fumous wings (Fig. 4). It is so far the only Japanese Trichosia species whose wing surface is mostly covered with numerous macrotrichia (Figs 4B, 5F). This character helps in identifying the females of this species. The gonostylus has a wide lobe inside, in which some spines are developed (Fig. 5D). T. fumoranea is easily distinguished from previously known Trichosia species by this character. In 1998, two females of this species were reared from larvae collected from rotten wood. In 2002, two males were collected by emergence traps set on the forest floor. These records suggest that the larvae of this species are xylophagous living in rotten wood and branches on forest floor. Otherwise they may have an intermediate habit between xylophagous and phytosaprophagous.

Holotype. JAPAN • ♂; Honshu, Tokyo, Miyake Island, Hinoyama-touge; 34°06'N, 139°33'E; 5–7 Apr. 2010; J. Aoki leg., flight interception trap; NSMT. Paratypes. JAPAN • 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same data as for holotype; 1 ♂, NSMT; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, SDEI; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, PCMS.

Male. Head: Eye bridge 3‒4 facets wide. Prefrons with setae and clypeus bare. Scape brown with about 5 setae anteriorly, pedicel brown with about 8 setae; flagellomeres dark brown except for yellowish brown base of 1^st flagellomere; 4^th flagellomere about 3.0‒3.5 times as long as wide, neck portion about 1/10 of its whole length (Fig. 6A), hairs yellowish brown and almost as long as width of flagellomere. Palpus brown, 3-segmented with length ratio 1.5 : 1.0 : 1.6, 1^st segment with 5‒7 setae mainly on its outside and without distinct sensory area bearing minute sensilla, 2^nd segment with 6‒8 setae, 3^rd segment slender with 5‒8 setae (Fig. 6B). Thorax: Color predominantly dark brown; dorsocentral setae on mesonotum short, dorsolateral setae on mesonotum and setae on scutellum consist of longer and shorter ones; posterior pronotum with setae. Legs brown; tibiae and basitarsi of all legs with differentiated spine-like short setae in ground setosity; fore tibial spur about 1.1‒1.2 times as long as width of tibial apex. Wing with brownish anterior veins and light brownish posterior veins; wing membrane bare; R5 with both dorsal and ventral macrotrichia, bM bare, r-m, M1, M2, stem of M, CuA1, and CuA2 with dorsal macrotrichia; length of R1 = 0.7‒0.8 R, c = 0.7 w, r-m = 1.0‒1.7 bM, stem of CuA very short, almost absent; R1 ending at same level of or slightly beyond branching point of M1 and M2; wing length 2.9‒3.5 mm. Halter brown, knob with setae. Abdomen: Tergites and sternites brown with dark brownish setae, membrane between tergites and sternites yellowish brown. Gonocoxite wider than long with narrow base (Fig. 6C); gonostylus longer than wide, its inside moderately swollen on which many spines are present (Fig. 6D); upper half of tegmen rounded with two pocket-like structures (Fig. 6C); aedeagus nearly Y-shaped (Fig. 6C). Body size: 3.6‒4.4 mm.

Figure 6. 

Trichosia basiconstricta sp. nov., male holotype. A. 4^th flagellomere; B. Left palpus; C. Genitalia, ventral view; D. Left gonostylus, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, B, D); 0.1 mm (C).

Female. Similar to male, but hairs of 4^th flagellomere shorter than its width. Fore tibial spur about 1.3‒1.4 times as long as width of tibial apex. Wing length 3.0‒3.8 mm. Body size 4.5‒5.2 mm.

The structure of the gonostylus of this new species (Fig. 6D) resembles that of T. fumoranea (Fig. 5D) in having a swollen convexity on which many spines are present. However, this species can be easily distinguished from T. fumoranea in having shorter flagellomeres of antennae (Fig. 6A), completely bare wing membrane, constricted base of the gonocoxite (Fig. 6C), and rounded apex of the tegmen (Fig. 6C). The name of this new species is derived from the narrow, constricted base of the gonocoxite. This species is so far known only from Miyake Island, 175 km south of Tokyo metropolis.

JAPAN • 3 ♂♂; Honshu, Miyagi Pref., Sendai, Taihaku, Mukaiyama, mixed forest dominated by Pinus densiflora, Abies firma and Quercus serrata; 38°14'33"N, 140°52'00"E; alt. 70 m; 22 May 2000; M. Sutou leg., sweep-net; SDEI • 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; same data but 14–19 May 2001; reared from larvae and pupae collected at 11 May 2001; 3 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀, NSMT; 1 ♂, MZH; 1 final-instar larva and 2 male pupae were preserved in ethanol; PCMS • 5 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; same data but 30 Apr.–29 May 2002; reared from larvae and pupae collected at 28 Apr. 2002; 4 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀, PCMS; 1 ♂, MZH; 19 final-instar larvae, 1 male pupa, and 1 female pupa were preserved in ethanol; PCMS.

Male. See Rudzinski (2005) for a morphological description of the male of this species. Wing length and body size of the specimens examined in this study are 2.5‒3.1 mm and 2.6‒3.1 mm respectively.

Female. Similar to male, but flagellum of antenna about 0.8 times shorter than that of male. Wing length 2.8‒3.2 mm. Body size 3.6‒4.0 mm.

Final-instar larva. Head (Fig. 7D, E): Well-chitinized, dark brown. Frontal plate (fp) with 4 pairs of sensory pits (p1‒p4), of these, p3 and p4 with very short, minute sensory hair. Gena (ge) with 5 pairs of dorsal sensory pits along marginal suture (p5‒p9). Besides them, each gena with 3 dorsolateral, 1 ventrolateral, and 1 ventral sensory pits, of these, anterior dorsolaeral pit with minute sensory hair like p3 and p4. Anterior part of head dorsally with labrum (lb), clypeus (cl), and antennal plate (ap), laterally with mandible (md), and ventrally with maxilla and hypopharynx (hp). Maxilla is subdivided into three sclerites, galeolacinia (gl), stipes (st), and cardo (cd); galeolacinia with serrated margin, fused basally with stipes. Thorax and abdomen (Fig. 7C): Body comprises 3 thoracic and 9 abdominal segments. Creamy white in color, but yellowish when alive. Surface smooth without setae, locomotory pad slightly developed ventrally on abdominal segments. Prothoracic and 1^st to 7^th abdominal segments with spiracles; diameter of prothoracic spiracles larger than that of abdominal ones. Body size: 5.5‒9.0 mm.

Figure 7. 

Trichosia conglobata Rudzinski. Male adult (A, B) and final-instar larva (C‒E). A. Genitalia, ventral view; B. Left gonostylus, dorsal view; C. Habitus; D. Head, dorsal view; E. Head, ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, antennal plate; cd, cardo; cl, clypeus; fp, frontal plate; ge, gena; gl, galeolacinia; hp, hypopharynx; lb, labrum; md, mandible; st, stipes; p1‒p9, sensory pits 1‒9. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (A, D, E); 0.05 mm (B).

Pupa. Similar to pupa of Trichosia pilosa (currently known as Leptosciarella pilosa) figured in Plachter (1979) in having a remarkable process on vertex. The pupa of T. caudata also has this characteristic process on vertex (Tuomikoski 1957). Body size: 3.4‒4.1 mm.

This species was first described in Rudzinski (2005) from Taiwan, and is newly recorded here from Japan. This study found the following two instances of intraspecific morphological variation of this species. According to Rudzinski (2005), the males of this species have the gonostylus with 5 spines which are separated into two groups: 3 spines in the upper group and two in the lower group. Among 12 males from Japan examined in this study, 10 males have the gonostylus with 5 spines like specimens of Taiwan. However, 2 males from Japan have gonostylus with 4 spines (Fig. 7A, B). Another intraspecific variation was found in the thorax. A small sclerite of the thorax called posterior pronotum (frequently abbreviated to ppn) has 4 setae in the specimens of Taiwan. Among the 12 male and 5 female specimens from Japan examined in this study, 2 males and 3 females have posterior pronotum with a few setae, but the posterior pronotum of the others is bare. The female and the immature stages of this species are examined here for the first time. The larvae were collected from rotten wood, so they are xylophagous.

Holotype. JAPAN • ♂; Honshu, Miyagi Pref., Sendai, Taihaku, Mukaiyama, mixed forest dominated by Pinus densiflora, Abies firma and Quercus serrata; 38°14'33"N, 140°52'00"E; alt. 70 m; 30 Apr.–23 May 2002; reared from larvae collected at 28 Apr. 2002; M. Sutou leg.; NSMT. Paratypes. JAPAN • 1 ♂; Honshu, Tochigi Pref., Nikko, near lake Yuno; 36°48'N, 139°26'E; alt. 1500 m; 18 June 2000; K. Uesugi leg.; SDEI • 2 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Honshu, Tokyo, Miyake Island, Hinoyama-touge; 34°06'N, 139°33'E; 5–7 Apr. 2010; J. Aoki leg., flight interception trap; 1 ♂, 2 ♀♀, SDEI; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, PCMS; 2 ♀♀, NSMT.

Male. Head: Eye bridge 4 facets wide. Prefrons with setae, clypeus bare. Scape brown with 2‒5 setae, pedicel brown with about 9 setae; flagellomeres brown; 4^th flagellomere about 2.5 times as long as wide, neck portion about 1/6 of its whole length (Fig. 8A), hairs yellowish brown and slightly shorter than width of flagellomere. Palpus brown, 2-segmented (holotype) or 3-segmented (paratypes), 1^st segment with 1‒4 setae and with indistinct sensory area bearing minute sensilla, 2^nd and 3^rd segments slender with 3‒6 setae respectively (Fig. 8B). Thorax: Color predominantly dark brown; mesonotum with both long and short setae; scutellum with some setae, at most 4 of them distinctly longer than the others; posterior pronotum with setae. Legs brown; tibiae and basitarsi with differentiated spine-like short setae in ground setosity; fore tibial spur about 1.3 times as long as width of tibial apex. Wing with brownish anterior veins and light brownish posterior veins; wing membrane bare; distal part of R5 with both dorsal and ventral macrotrichia, bM and stem of M bare, r-m, M1, M2, CuA1, and CuA2 with dorsal macrotrichia; length of R1 = 0.5‒0.7 R, c = 0.7 w, r-m = 1.4‒1.6 bM but in a paratype from Tochigi r-m = 0.6 bM, stem of CuA very short, almost absent; R1 ending slightly before level of branching point of M1 and M2; wing length 2.2‒2.7 mm. Halter brown, knob with setae. Abdomen: Tergites and sternites dark brown with dark brownish setae, membrane between tergites and sternites brown. Gonocoxite wider than long with broad base (Fig. 8C); gonostylus nearly ovoid in shape with 7‒9 spines on about upper 2/5 of inside (Fig. 8D); tegmen membranous with sclerotized border, wider than long, minute denticles located on central portion (Fig. 8C); aedeagus distinct and large (Fig. 8C). Body size: 2.3‒2.8 mm.

Figure 8. 

Trichosia paraborealis sp. nov., male holotype (A, C, D) and male paratype (B). A. 4^th flagellomere; B. Left palpus; C. Genitalia, ventral view; D. Right gonostylus, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, B, D); 0.1 mm (C).

Female. Same as male except for the following characters: Palpus 3-segmented, but one paratype from Miyake Island (PCMS) asymmetrically with 3-segmented right palpus and 2-segmented left palpus; 1^st segment of palpus bare or with a seta. Wing vein r-m = 1.4‒1.8 bM; wing length 2.3‒2.5 mm. Body size 2.5‒3.5 mm.

This species is morphologically similar to T. borealis (Frey) known from Europe and Russia (Altai). The name of this new species refers to this resemblance. The morphological differences between these two species are in the structure of the male genitalia. The gonostylus of T. borealis usually has 6 spines, and the tegmen is about as long as wide (Menzel and Mohrig 1997; Menzel and Mohrig 2000). On the other hand, T. paraborealis has the gonostylus with 7‒9 longer spines covering upper 2/5 of the inside (Fig. 8D), and the tegmen is wider than long (Fig. 8C). Interestingly, both these species display similar intraspecific morphological variation: they have a 2 or 3-segmented palpus. In addition, length ratio of wing vein r-m and bM is variable in T. paraborealis: r-m is shorter than bM in a paratype from Tochigi, inversely, r-m is longer than bM in the others. The holotype of this species is an adult reared from larvae collected from rotten wood, which suggests that the larvae are xylophagous.

JAPAN • 2 ♂♂; Honshu, Chiba Pref., Sanbu (Sammu); 35°39'N, 140°22'E; alt. 50 m; 18 Apr. 1994; E. Ishitani leg.; 1 ♂, SDEI; 1 ♂, PCMS.

This species has been recorded from Europe and Russia (Menzel and Mohrig 1997), and is recorded here from Japan for the first time. While the European specimens of this species have macrotrichia on distal part of the wing membrane, two males from Japan examined in this study are devoid of these macrotrichia. However, other morphological characters including genitalia of these two males from Japan are identical to those of European specimens.

Holotype. JAPAN • ♂; Honshu, Kanagawa Pref., Yamakita, Kiridoshi-touge; 35°25'30"N, 138°55'50"E; alt. 1070 m; 17 May 2008; H. Kawai leg., sweep-net; NSMT.

Male. Head: Eye bridge 3‒4 facets wide. Prefrons with setae and clypeus bare. Scape brown with a seta, pedicel brown with about 12 setae; flagellomeres brown; 4^th flagellomere 2.1 times as long as wide, neck portion about 1/9 of its whole length (Fig. 9A), hairs yellowish brown and shorter than width of flagellomere. Palpus yellowish brown and 3-segmented; 1^st segment with 3‒4 setae mainly on its outside and without distinct brownish sensory area, 2^nd segment with about 10 setae, 3^rd segment slender with 10‒12 setae. Length ratio of segments of palpus is unclear because it is preserved obliquely. Thorax: Color predominantly dark brown; setae on mesonotum and scutellum mostly shed off in the holotype; posterior pronotum with setae. Coxae, femora, and tibiae predominantly yellowish brown, tarsi brown; tibiae and basitarsi with differentiated spine-like short setae in ground setosity; fore tibial spur about 1.3 times as long as width of tibial apex. Wing with brownish anterior veins and light brownish posterior veins; wing membrane without macrotrichia; R5 with both dorsal and ventral macrotrichia, bM bare, r-m with 8 dorsal macrotrichia, M1, M2, CuA1, and CuA2 with dorsal macrotrichia, stem of M with about 20 dorsal macrotrichia; length of R1 nearly equal to that of R, c = 0.7 w, r-m = 1.5 bM, stem of CuA very short, almost absent; R1 ending slightly beyond level of branching point of M1 and M2; wing length 3.1 mm. Halter yellowish brown, knob with setae. Abdomen: Tergites and sternites brown with dark brownish setae, membrane between tergites and sternites yellowish brown. Gonocoxite wider than long (Fig. 9B); gonostylus nearly ovoid in shape with 5 spines and with dense setae above uppermost spine (Fig. 9C), two lowest spines overlap at same level and look like one spine from ventral view; tegmen nearly triangular with minute denticles on lower part (Fig. 9B); aedeagus Y-shaped with dark brownish base (Fig. 9B). Body size: 3.6 mm.

Figure 9. 

Trichosia comprimera, sp. nov., male holotype. A. 4^th flagellomere; B. Genitalia, ventral view; C. Left gonostylus, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, C); 0.1 mm (B).

Female. Unknown.

This new species resembles T. lengersdorfi and T. edwardsi, but is distinguished from them by smaller body size, short flagellomeres (Fig. 9A), and dense and long setae on the upper part of the inside of the gonostylus (Fig. 9C). The name comprimera alludes to these dense (compressed) setae.

JAPAN • 1 ♂; Honshu, Hyogo Pref., Yabu, Mt. Hyounosen, mixed forest dominated by Fagus crenata and bamboo grasses; 35°21'N, 134°31'E; alt. 1200 m; 28 Sept. 1995; M. Jaschhof and T. Yagi leg., sweep-net; SDEI.

Trichosia caudata was originally described by Fabricius (1794) in the fly genus Rhagio (Rhagionidae) and later classified by himself as ‘Sciara morio’ in the family Sciaridae (Fabricius 1805). Heller et al. (2016) found that the female lectotype of Rhagio morio Fabricius belongs to Sciara hemerobioides Scopoli, 1763, so that the name Rhagio morio Fabricius sank into synonymy and the next available name, ‘caudata Walker, 1848’, was reinstated for this Trichosia species. Trichosia caudata (Walker) is common and widespread in Europe (Menzel and Mohrig 1997), but has only rarely been found in East Asia. Sasakawa (1993, 2003, 2014) recorded an adult specimen from Japan as ‘Bradysia morio’ (1993) and ‘Trichosia morio’ (2003, 2014) which visited a Naematoloma mushroom in Kyoto Prefecture. In this study, we examined one male collected in Hyogo Prefecture.

JAPAN • 1 ♂; Honshu, Hyogo Pref., Yabu, Mt. Hyounosen, mixed forest dominated by Fagus crenata and bamboo grasses; 35°21'N, 134°31'E; alt. 1200 m; 28 Sept. 1995; M. Jaschhof and T. Yagi leg., sweep-net; SDEI.

This species is known from Europe and China (Heller et al. 2016), and is recorded here from Japan for the first time. This species resembles T. caudata, but is distinguished from it by the condition of macrotrichia on wing membrane and the characters of the male gonostylus (see key to the Japanese species). A male of T. lengersdorfi and a male of T. caudata were collected sympatrically in this study.

JAPAN • 2 ♂♂; Hokkaido, Sapporo, Hyakumatsu-sawa; 43°01'N, 141°13'E; alt. 500 m; 5 Aug. 1998; K. Mizota leg.; 1 ♂, SDEI; 1 ♂, PCMS • 1 ♂, dried specimen; Hokkaido, Chitose, near lake Shikotsu; 20 July 2000; K. Uesugi leg.; PCMS • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Honshu, Yamagata Pref., Yamagata, Omosiroyama; 38°20'N, 140°30'E; alt. 550 m; 19 Aug. 2001; M. Sutou leg., sweep-net; PCMS.

This species has been recorded from Russia (Menzel and Mohrig 1997), and is recorded here from Japan for the first time. It is similar to T. caudata and their morphological differences were explained in the original description of T. hypertricha (Menzel and Mohrig 1997). While the specimens of this species from Russia have macrotrichia on about distal 2/3 of the wing membrane, the specimens from Japan have the macrotrichia restricted to the distal half of the wing membrane. T. hypertricha usually has 3-segmented palpi, but a male collected in Sapporo (PCMS) has asymmetrically a 3-segmented right palpus and 2-segmented left palpus.

JAPAN • 1 ♂, dried specimen; Honshu, Kanagawa Pref., Yamakita, Nishi-Tanzawa, Higasisawa-rindou; 35°28'43"N, 139°05'10"E; alt. 950 m; 2 June 1995; H. Watari leg.; KPMNH • 3 ♂♂, 1 ♀; Kyushu, Fukuoka Pref., Fukuoka, Mt. Sefuri; 33°27'N, 130°22'E; alt. 500 m; 20–22 Apr. 1999; S. Sato leg., Malaise trap; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, PCMS; 1 ♂, NSMT; 1 ♂, SDEI • 1 ♂; Kyushu, Kagoshima Pref., Yusui, Kurino; 31°58'N, 130°48'E; alt. 600 m; 17 Mar. 1999; reared from larvae and pupae collected at 8 Mar. 1999; M. Sutou leg.; PCMS; 1 female pupa was preserved in ethanol; PCMS • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Kyushu, Kagoshima Pref., Uchinoura, Mt. Hoyoshi; 31°15'N, 131°00'E; alt. 700 m; 28 Apr. 2000; M. Sutou leg., sweep-net; PCMS.

This species is known from Europe (Menzel and Heller 2006), and is recorded here from Japan for the first time. This species is similar to T. caudata and T. lengersdorfi, and the morphological differences among these species are summarized in a key to the Japanese species presented above. Heller et al. (2016) regarded T. edwardsi and some morphologically similar species as T. edwardsi species complex, and showed that DNA barcoding was helpful for classifying it. Among the specimens of T. edwardsi examined in this study, one male from Kagoshima was reared from larvae and pupae collected from rotten wood.

Holotype. JAPAN • ♂; Honshu, Yamanashi Pref., Koshu, Hikawa-rindou; 35°42'35"N, 138°49'42"E; alt. 1350 m; 26 June 2007; H. Kawai leg., sweep-net; NSMT.

Male. Head: Eye bridge 4‒5 facets wide. Prefrons with setae and clypeus bare. Scape brown with 3 setae, pedicel brown with about 8 setae; flagellomeres brown; 4^th flagellomere 3.5 times as long as wide, neck portion about 1/13 of its whole length (Fig. 10A), hairs yellowish brown and slightly shorter than width of flagellomere. Palpus brown, 3-segmented with length ratio 1.5 : 1.0 : 2.3, 1^st segment with 7 setae and with indistinct sensory area bearing minute sensilla, 2^nd segment with 9 setae, 3^rd segment slender with 8 setae (Fig. 10B). Thorax: Color predominantly dark brown; setae on mesonotum and scutellum consist of longer and shorter ones, scutellum with 5 long setae; posterior pronotum with setae. Legs predominantly brown; tibiae and basitarsi with differentiated spine-like short setae in ground setosity; fore tibial spur about 1.3 times as long as width of tibial apex. Wing with brownish anterior veins and light brownish posterior veins; wing membrane without macrotrichia but a macrotrichium is seen between M1 and M2 of left wing; R5 and M1 with both dorsal and ventral macrotrichia, bM with 3 dorsal macrotrichia, r-m with 7 dorsal macrotrichia, M2, CuA1, and CuA2 with dorsal macrotrichia, stem of M with 14‒15 dorsal macrotrichia; length of R1 = 1.2 R, c = 0.7 w, r-m = 1.0 bM, stem of CuA very short, almost absent; R1 ending slightly beyond level of branching point of M1 and M2; wing length 4.0 mm. Halter brown, knob and distal 1/3 of stalk with setae. Abdomen: Tergites and sternites dark brown with dense dark brownish setae. Gonocoxite wider than long with U-shaped cleft in base (Fig. 10C); gonostylus pyriform, left gonostylus with 6 spines and right gonostylus with 7 spines inside, 2 spines directed downward compared to the other ones (Fig. 10D); tegmen nearly triangular but with arcuate base, and with rounded membranous appendage on upper portion (Fig. 10C); aedeagus located beneath tegmen (Fig. 10C). Body size: 3.9 mm.

Figure 10. 

Trichosia montaclaria sp. nov., male holotype. A. 4^th flagellomere; B. Left palpus; C. Genitalia, ventral view; D. Left gonostylus, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, B, D); 0.1 mm (C).

Female. Unknown.

This new species resembles Palaearctic T. edwardsi and Nearctic T. cylindrica, but is distinguished from them by the shorter and more closely arranged spines of the gonostylus (Fig. 10D). The clearly bordered U-shaped cleft of the base of the gonocoxite is also characteristic for this species (Fig. 10C). Only one male of this species was collected at a high altitude locality (1350 m). The name of this new species is derived from the montane habitat where it was collected and its clear (bare) wing membrane contrasting with the dark brownish body.